Metabolism
Categorical breakdown of terms falling inder the category of Metabolism. Sub categories will become more specific in nature to the terms listed for Metabolism.
Sub-Categories
Terms
Absorption - The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in...
Acetylation - Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)...
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus - Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE....
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus - Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE....
Acylation - The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule....
Aerobiosis - Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen....
Alkylation - The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition rea...
Alternative Splicing - A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing in...
Amination - The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compoun...
Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the firs...
Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the firs...
Anaerobiosis - The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given ...
Autotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon...
Axonal Transport - The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterogr...
Basal Metabolism - Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inac...
Biocatalysis - The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZY...
Biological Transport - The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system a...
Biological Transport, Active - The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gra...
Biosynthetic Pathways - Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent...
Biotinylation - Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules....
Biotransformation - The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may i...
Calcium Signaling - Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracell...
Capillary Permeability - The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances bet...
Carbohydrate Metabolism - Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES....
Cell Hypoxia - A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level....
Cell Membrane Permeability - A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells....
Cell Respiration - The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a so...
Chemoautotrophic Growth - Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes f...
Citric Acid Cycle - A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; ...
Citric Acid Cycle - A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; ...
Cyclization - Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Techn...
Cytoplasmic Streaming - The movement of CYTOPLASM within a CELL. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essent...
Dealkylation - The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technic...
Deamination - The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound....
Decarboxylation - The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound....
Dimerization - The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or p...
DNA Methylation - Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction usi...
Electron Transport - The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From B...
Electron Transport - The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From B...
Energy Metabolism - The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cell...
Enterohepatic Circulation - Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, ...
Enzyme Activation - Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, act...
Esterification - The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process cons...
Facilitated Diffusion - The passive movement of molecules exceeding the rate expected by simple diffusion. No energy is expe...
Fermentation - Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End p...
Frameshifting, Ribosomal - A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein fro...
Gluconeogenesis - Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; AL...
Glycogenolysis - The release of GLUCOSE from GLYCOGEN by GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (phosphorolysis). The released glucos...
Glycolysis - A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enz...
Glycolysis - A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enz...
Glycolysis - A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enz...
Glycosylation - The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especial...
Halogenation - Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds....
Heterotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts wit...
Hydrogenation - Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 2...
Hydrolysis - The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water....
Hydroxylation - Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26...
Intestinal Absorption - Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES....
Ion Transport - The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or f...
Kallikrein-Kinin System - A system of metabolic interactions by products produced in the distal nephron of the KIDNEY. These p...
Lipid Metabolism - Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS....
Lipid Mobilization - LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored...
Lipid Peroxidation - Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor....
Lipogenesis - De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subseque...
Lipolysis - The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel ...
Lipoylation - Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS....
MAP Kinase Signaling System - An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase c...
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL ...
Metabolic Clearance Rate - Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Eliminat...
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug - Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living sys...
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I - Functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in PHASE II DETOXIFICATION...
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II - Conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble prod...
Metabolic Networks and Pathways - Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metaboli...
Metabolism - The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include...
Methylation - Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and re...
Nitrogen Fixation - The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to bi...
Nitrosation - Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to fo...
Oxidation-Reduction - A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-d...
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into hig...
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into hig...
Oxidative Stress - A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential dam...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6...
Peptide Biosynthesis - The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of...
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent - The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosom...
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to...
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes as...
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the last amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. ...
Phosphorylation - The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond betwee...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...
Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...
Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...
Phototrophic Processes - Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts wit...
Polyadenylation - The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyade...
Prenylation - Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS....
Protein Binding - The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes...
Protein Biosynthesis - The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA ...
Protein Carbonylation - The appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in PROTEINS as the result of s...
Protein Modification, Translational - Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzy...
Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...
Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...
Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in t...
Protein Splicing - The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with l...
Protein Transport - The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by...
Proton-Motive Force - Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membra...
Pulmonary Gas Exchange - The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that oc...
Renin-Angiotensin System - A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; A...
Respiratory Burst - A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activa...
Respiratory Transport - The processes of diffusion across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER, and the chemical reactions coupled with dif...
RNA 3' End Processing - The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end...
RNA Editing - A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. So...
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their prec...
RNA Splicing - The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA...
RNA Transport - The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by v...
Secretory Pathway - A series of sequential intracellular steps involved in the transport of proteins (such as hormones a...
Secretory Rate - The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period o...
Skin Absorption - Uptake of substances through the SKIN....
Substrate Cycling - A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously,...
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Trans-Splicing - The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type...
Ubiquitination - The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label prote...
Unfolded Protein Response - A cellular response to environmental insults that cause disruptions in PROTEIN FOLDING and/or accumu...
Common Chronic Illnesses
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Diabetes Supplies | Diabetic Groups
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Free Diabetes Supplies
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.
