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Peptide Hormones

Categorical breakdown of terms falling inder the category of Peptide Hormones. Sub categories will become more specific in nature to the terms listed for Peptide Hormones.

Sub-Categories

Terms

Activins - Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate...

Adipokines - Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytoki...

Adiponectin - A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the...

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROI...

Adrenomedullin - A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and A...

alpha-Endorphin - An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system....

alpha-MSH - A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-term...

Angiotensin I - A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited bio...

Angiotensin II - An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after ...

Angiotensin III - A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AM...

Angiotensins - Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid h...

Arginine Vasopressin - The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE a...

Atrial Natriuretic Factor - A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEP...

beta-Endorphin - A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPT...

beta-Lipotropin - A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in...

beta-MSH - An 18-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of gamma-lipotropin which is the N-terminal...

Bombesin - A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It ...

Buserelin - A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6...

Calcitonin - A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyro...

Chorionic Gonadotropin - A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUT...

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human - The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LU...

Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide - A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDI...

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is...

Cosyntropin - A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTIC...

C-Peptide - The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. ...

Deamino Arginine Vasopressin - A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VAS...

Felypressin - A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vas...

Follicle Stimulating Hormone - A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulati...

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit - The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological a...

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human - A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-sti...

gamma-Endorphin - An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system....

gamma-Lipotropin - A lipotropic peptide that is the N-terminal fragment of beta-lipotropin. It is a peptide of 56 amino...

gamma-MSH - An 11-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Gamma-...

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. It is found to be a potent stimulator of...

Gastrins - A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may a...

Ghrelin - A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEP...

Glucagon - A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestina...

Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit - The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEI...

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone - A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZI...

Gonadotropins - Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production i...

Gonadotropins, Equine - Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the...

Gonadotropins, Pituitary - Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal function...

Goserelin - A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments o...

Growth Hormone - A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, a...

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORM...

Human Growth Hormone - A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIO...

Hypothalamic Hormones - Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into ...

Inhibin-beta Subunits - They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the tr...

Inhibins - Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted b...

Insulin - A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, ...

Insulin, Long-Acting - Insulin formulation containing substance which delays or retards time period of the absorption of in...

Insulin, NPH - An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It i...

Leptin - A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat...

Leuprolide - A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesi...

Luteinizing Hormone - A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormon...

Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit - The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to t...

Lypressin - The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VA...

Melanocortins - Peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which can stimulate MELANOCYTES or CORTICOTROPHS. ...

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones - Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lo...

Menotropins - Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins,...

Motilin - A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor ac...

MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone - A hypothalamic tripeptide, enzymatic degradation product of OXYTOCIN, that inhibits the release of M...

Nafarelin - A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitut...

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain - A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MY...

Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type - A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in ...

Natriuretic Peptides - Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide ...

Ornipressin - A synthetic analog of vasopressin with ORNITHINE substitution at residue 8 of the cyclic nonapeptide...

Oxytocin - A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs fro...

Pancreatic Hormones - Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The a...

Pancreatic Polypeptide - A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery...

Parathyroid Hormone - A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the...

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein - A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activ...

Peptide Hormones - Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES ...

Peptide PHI - A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The...

Peptide YY - A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY ...

Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones - Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. U...

Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones - Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first is...

Pituitary Hormones - Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), t...

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior - Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include pol...

Pituitary Hormones, Posterior - Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of pe...

Placental Hormones - Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as ...

Placental Lactogen - A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PL...

Proglucagon - The common precursor polypeptide of pancreatic GLUCAGON and intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Progl...

Proinsulin - A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor o...

Prolactin - A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptid...

Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Factors - A number of peptides with inhibitory activities on PROLACTIN release have been isolated from the HYP...

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone - A hypothalamic hormone that is synthesized as a precursor protein which is cleaved into two peptides...

Pro-Opiomelanocortin - A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is a...

Relaxin - A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteu...

Resistin - A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the fo...

Secretin - A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secreti...

Sermorelin - The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-...

Somatostatin - A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also call...

Somatostatin-28 - A 28-amino acid peptide with the same biological activities of somatostatin-14 but with a 14-amino a...

Teriparatide - A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biolog...

Thyrotropin - A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stim...

Thyrotropin Alfa - A highly purified recombinant glycoprotein form of human THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE, produced by re...

Thyrotropin, beta Subunit - The beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin. It is a 112-amino acid glycopolypeptid...

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone - A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neur...

Triptorelin - A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitut...

Urocortins - Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACT...

Urofollitropin - A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or compl...

Urotensins - Teleost hormones. A family of small peptides isolated from urophyses of bony fishes. They have many ...

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of b...

Vasopressins - Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with spec...

Vasotocin - A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the lat...

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Common Chronic Illnesses

Coronary Disease

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
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Hypertension

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Mesothelioma

A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Osteoarthritis

A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.

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