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Genetic Processes

Categorical breakdown of terms falling inder the category of Genetic Processes. Sub categories will become more specific in nature to the terms listed for Genetic Processes.

Sub-Categories

Terms

Alternative Splicing - A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing in...

Amino Acid Substitution - The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protei...

Anaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate...

Anaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate...

Breeding - The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants....

Cell Division - The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NU...

Cell Nucleus Division - The process by which the CELL NUCLEUS is divided....

Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly - The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conf...

Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly - The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conf...

Chromosomal Position Effects - The effects on gene expression that depend on the location of a gene with respect to its neighboring...

Chromosome Breakage - A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL...

Chromosome Breakpoints - The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred....

Chromosome Deletion - Actual loss of a portion of the chromosome....

Chromosome Inversion - An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned ...

Chromosome Pairing - The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences....

Chromosome Pairing - The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences....

Chromosome Segregation - The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS....

Conjugation, Genetic - A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chro...

Consanguinity - The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans....

Crossing Over, Genetic - The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES...

DNA Adducts - The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA....

DNA Breaks - Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA....

DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded - Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently....

DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded - Interruptions in one of the strands of the sugar-phosphate backbone of double-stranded DNA....

DNA Cleavage - A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose...

DNA Damage - Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left u...

DNA Degradation, Necrotic - The random catabolism of DNA accompaning the irreversible damage to tissue which leads to the pathol...

DNA Fragmentation - Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes...

DNA Methylation - Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction usi...

DNA Mismatch Repair - A DNA repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an inco...

DNA Packaging - The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the lim...

DNA Repair - The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which ...

DNA Repeat Expansion - An increase number of repeats of a genomic, tandemly repeated DNA sequence from one generation to th...

DNA Replication - The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated....

DNA Replication Timing - The temporal order in which the DNA of the GENOME is replicated....

Dosage Compensation, Genetic - Genetic mechanisms that allow GENES to be expressed at a similar level irrespective of their GENE DO...

Down-Regulation - A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...

Enzyme Induction - An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to de...

Enzyme Repression - The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usual...

Epigenesis, Genetic - A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restrictio...

Epistasis, Genetic - A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expressio...

Evolution - The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their d...

Evolution, Molecular - Evolution at the molecular level of DNA sequences and proteins. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics...

Frameshifting, Ribosomal - A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein fro...

Gene Amplification - A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a propo...

Gene Amplification - A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a propo...

Gene Conversion - The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-recipr...

Gene Deletion - A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normall...

Gene Duplication - Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes arise, i.e. the duplication of a single ...

Gene Expression - The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETI...

Gene Expression Regulation - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal - Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential contro...

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential contro...

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant - Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the different...

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral - Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action ...

Gene Fusion - The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or ad...

Gene Rearrangement - The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally du...

Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor - Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the alpha-chain of antigen receptor...

Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor - Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors...

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte - Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, th...

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain - Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, ther...

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain - Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda IMMUNOGLO...

Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor - Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the delta-chain of antigen receptor...

Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor - Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptor...

Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte - Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors....

Gene Silencing - Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels....

Gene Transfer, Horizontal - The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated,...

Genetic Drift - The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next....

Genetic Processes - Those biological processes that are involved in the transmission of hereditary traits from one organ...

Genetic Speciation - The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary o...

Genomic Imprinting - The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal orig...

Heredity - The transmission of traits encoded in GENES from parent to offspring....

Hybridization, Genetic - The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid....

Immunoglobulin Class Switching - Gene rearrangement of the B-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain co...

Inbreeding - The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically....

INDEL Mutation - A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between ...

Lysogeny - The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, esta...

Meiosis - A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell ...

Meiotic Prophase I - The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). I...

Meiotic Prophase I - The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). I...

Metaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across t...

Metaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across t...

Mitosis - A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical...

Molecular Mimicry - The process in which structural properties of an introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules o...

Mutagenesis - Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS....

Mutagenesis, Insertional - Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or...

Nondisjunction, Genetic - The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the ...

Nondisjunction, Genetic - The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the ...

Nuclear Reprogramming - The process that reverts CELL NUCLEI of fully differentiated somatic cells to a pluripotent or totip...

Nucleic Acid Denaturation - Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Do...

Oncogene Fusion - The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES, including an ONCOGENE as at least one o...

Pachytene Stage - The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homolo...

Pachytene Stage - The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homolo...

Polyadenylation - The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyade...

Prometaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following PROPHASE, when the breakdown of the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE oc...

Prometaphase - The phase of cell nucleus division following PROPHASE, when the breakdown of the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE oc...

Prophase - The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS ...

Prophase - The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS ...

Protein Biosynthesis - The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA ...

Protein Modification, Translational - Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzy...

Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...

Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in t...

Protein Splicing - The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with l...

Recombination, Genetic - Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROS...

Reverse Transcription - The biosynthesis of DNA carried out on a template of RNA....

RNA 3' End Processing - The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end...

RNA Editing - A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. So...

RNA Interference - A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation o...

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their prec...

RNA Splicing - The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA...

S Phase - Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is ...

Selection, Genetic - Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequen...

Sequence Deletion - Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual....

Sequence Inversion - The deletion and reinsertion of a segment of a nucleic acid sequence in the same place, but flipped ...

Sex Determination (Genetics) - The mechanism in a given species, by which the SEX of an individual is fixed. In many species, sex i...

Sister Chromatid Exchange - An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chr...

Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin - A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglo...

SOS Response (Genetics) - An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a c...

Suppression, Genetic - Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally alte...

Synaptonemal Complex - The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the pai...

Synaptonemal Complex - The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the pai...

Telophase - The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed...

Telophase - The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed...

Transcription, Genetic - The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA templa...

Transcriptional Activation - Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes....

Transduction, Genetic - The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also r...

Transfection - The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic...

Transformation, Bacterial - The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another sour...

Transformation, Bacterial - The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another sour...

Transformation, Genetic - Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; T...

Translocation, Genetic - A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off ...

Trans-Splicing - The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type...

Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion - An increased number of contiguous trinucleotide repeats in the DNA sequence from one generation to t...

Up-Regulation - A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...

Virus Integration - Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA...

X Chromosome Inactivation - A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby...