Biochemical Processes
Categorical breakdown of terms falling inder the category of Biochemical Processes. Sub categories will become more specific in nature to the terms listed for Biochemical Processes.
Sub-Categories
Terms
Acetylation - Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)...
Acylation - The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule....
Aerobiosis - Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen....
Agglutination - The clumping together of suspended material resulting from the action of AGGLUTININS....
Alkylation - The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition rea...
Allosteric Regulation - The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES...
Alternative Splicing - A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing in...
Amination - The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compoun...
Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the firs...
Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the firs...
Anaerobiosis - The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given ...
Autotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon...
Base Pairing - Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA....
Binding, Competitive - The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of...
Biocatalysis - The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZY...
Biochemical Processes - Chemical reactions or functions, enzymatic activities, and metabolic pathways of living things....
Biosynthetic Pathways - Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent...
Biotinylation - Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules....
Calcium Signaling - Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracell...
Carbohydrate Metabolism - Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES....
Chemoautotrophic Growth - Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes f...
Citric Acid Cycle - A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; ...
Cyclization - Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Techn...
Dealkylation - The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technic...
Deamination - The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound....
Decarboxylation - The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound....
Dimerization - The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or p...
DNA Cleavage - A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose...
DNA Methylation - Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction usi...
DNA Methylation - Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction usi...
DNA Mismatch Repair - A DNA repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an inco...
DNA Repair - The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which ...
DNA Replication - The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated....
DNA Replication Timing - The temporal order in which the DNA of the GENOME is replicated....
Down-Regulation - A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...
Electron Transport - The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From B...
Energy Transfer - The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionar...
Enzyme Activation - Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, act...
Esterification - The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process cons...
Evolution, Chemical - Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to...
Excitation Contraction Coupling - A process fundamental to muscle physiology whereby an electrical stimulus or action potential trigge...
Fermentation - Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End p...
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer - A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorpt...
Frameshifting, Ribosomal - A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein fro...
Gluconeogenesis - Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; AL...
Glycogenolysis - The release of GLUCOSE from GLYCOGEN by GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (phosphorolysis). The released glucos...
Glycolysis - A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enz...
Glycosylation - The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especial...
Halogenation - Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds....
Hemagglutination - The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (H...
Hemagglutination, Viral - Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus....
Heterotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts wit...
Hydrogenation - Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 2...
Hydrolysis - The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water....
Hydroxylation - Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26...
Ion Channel Gating - The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane ...
Light Signal Transduction - The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals....
Linear Energy Transfer - Rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. In radiobiology and health physics, ...
Lipid Peroxidation - Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor....
Lipogenesis - De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subseque...
Lipolysis - The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel ...
Lipoylation - Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS....
MAP Kinase Signaling System - An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase c...
Mechanotransduction, Cellular - The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both...
Methylation - Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and re...
Molecular Mimicry - The process in which structural properties of an introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules o...
Nitrogen Fixation - The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to bi...
Nitrosation - Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to fo...
Nucleic Acid Denaturation - Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Do...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization - Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs ...
Nucleic Acid Renaturation - The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the mol...
Osmosis - Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of...
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into hig...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6...
Peptide Biosynthesis - The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of...
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent - The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosom...
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to...
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes as...
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the last amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. ...
Phosphorylation - The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond betwee...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...
Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...
Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...
Phototrophic Processes - Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts wit...
Polyadenylation - The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyade...
Prenylation - Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS....
Protein Binding - The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes...
Protein Biosynthesis - The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA ...
Protein Carbonylation - The appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in PROTEINS as the result of s...
Protein Denaturation - The exposure of protein to chemicals, or heat, which disrupt the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide...
Protein Folding - A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein ...
Protein Modification, Translational - Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzy...
Protein Modification, Translational - Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzy...
Protein Multimerization - The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) fro...
Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...
Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...
Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...
Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in t...
Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in t...
Protein Renaturation - The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation....
Protein Splicing - The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with l...
Protein Splicing - The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with l...
Reverse Transcription - The biosynthesis of DNA carried out on a template of RNA....
RNA 3' End Processing - The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end...
RNA Editing - A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. So...
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their prec...
RNA Splicing - The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA...
S Phase - Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is ...
Second Messenger Systems - Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messen...
Signal Transduction - The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathwa...
SOS Response (Genetics) - An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a c...
Substrate Cycling - A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously,...
Synaptic Transmission - The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In...
Transcription, Genetic - The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA templa...
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....
Trans-Splicing - The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type...
Ubiquitination - The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label prote...
Unfolded Protein Response - A cellular response to environmental insults that cause disruptions in PROTEIN FOLDING and/or accumu...
Up-Regulation - A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...
Vision, Ocular - The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signal...
Common Chronic Illnesses
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Diabetes Supplies | Diabetic Groups
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Free Diabetes Supplies
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.
