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Biochemical Phenomena

Categorical breakdown of terms falling inder the category of Biochemical Phenomena. Sub categories will become more specific in nature to the terms listed for Biochemical Phenomena.

Sub-Categories

Terms

Acetylation - Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)...

Acid-Base Equilibrium - The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the a...

Acylation - The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule....

Adiposity - The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat statu...

Aerobiosis - Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen....

Agglutination - The clumping together of suspended material resulting from the action of AGGLUTININS....

Alkylation - The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition rea...

Allosteric Regulation - The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES...

Allosteric Site - A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the enzyme to undergo a conformational...

Alternative Splicing - A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing in...

Alu Elements - The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most h...

Amination - The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compoun...

Amino Acid Motifs - Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent second...

Amino Acid Sequence - The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary st...

Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the firs...

Anaerobiosis - The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given ...

Ankyrin Repeat - Protein motif that contains a 33-amino acid long sequence that often occurs in tandem arrays. This r...

AT Rich Sequence - A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of ADENINE and THYMINE bases....

AT-Hook Motifs - DNA-binding motifs, first described in one of the HMGA PROTEINS: HMG-I(Y) PROTEIN. They consist of p...

Autotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon...

Base Composition - The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid....

Base Pairing - Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA....

Base Sequence - The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucl...

Bay-Region, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon - A concave exterior region on some POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS that have three phenyl rings in a...

Binding Sites - The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another mole...

Binding Sites, Antibody - Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens. They are f...

Binding, Competitive - The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of...

Biocatalysis - The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZY...

Biochemical Phenomena - The chemical processes, enzymatic activities, and pathways of living things and related temporal, di...

Biochemical Processes - Chemical reactions or functions, enzymatic activities, and metabolic pathways of living things....

Biosynthetic Pathways - Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent...

Biotinylation - Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules....

Body Composition - The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat....

Body Fat Distribution - Deposits of ADIPOSE TISSUE throughout the body. The pattern of fat deposits in the body regions is a...

Brain Chemistry - Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabo...

Calcium Signaling - Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracell...

Carbohydrate Conformation - The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate....

Carbohydrate Metabolism - Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES....

Carbohydrate Sequence - The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS....

Catalytic Domain - The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction....

Chemoautotrophic Growth - Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes f...

Citric Acid Cycle - A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; ...

Complementarity Determining Regions - Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION tha...

Consensus Sequence - A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino aci...

Conserved Sequence - A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across mu...

CpG Islands - Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They f...

Cyclization - Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Techn...

Cystine Knot Motifs - Amino acid sequence in which two disulfide bonds (DISULFIDES) and their connecting backbone form a r...

Dealkylation - The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technic...

Deamination - The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound....

Decarboxylation - The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound....

Dimerization - The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or p...

Dinucleotide Repeats - The most common of the microsatellite tandem repeats (MICROSATELLITE REPEATS) dispersed in the euchr...

DNA Cleavage - A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose...

DNA Methylation - Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction usi...

DNA Mismatch Repair - A DNA repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an inco...

DNA Repair - The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which ...

DNA Repeat Expansion - An increase number of repeats of a genomic, tandemly repeated DNA sequence from one generation to th...

DNA Replication - The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated....

DNA Replication Timing - The temporal order in which the DNA of the GENOME is replicated....

DNA Transposable Elements - Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are in...

DNA, Cruciform - A cross-shaped DNA structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. It is formed by the...

DNA, Satellite - Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed...

Down-Regulation - A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...

E-Box Elements - DNA locations with the consensus sequence CANNTG. ENHANCER ELEMENTS may contain multiple copies of t...

EF Hand Motifs - Calcium-binding motifs composed of two helixes (E and F) joined by a loop. Calcium is bound by the l...

Electron Transport - The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From B...

Endogenous Retroviruses - Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capabilit...

Energy Transfer - The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionar...

Enhancer Elements, Genetic - Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function i...

Enzyme Activation - Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, act...

Enzyme Stability - The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to ...

Esterification - The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process cons...

Evolution, Chemical - Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to...

Excitation Contraction Coupling - A process fundamental to muscle physiology whereby an electrical stimulus or action potential trigge...

Exteins - The (EXternal proTEIN) sequences flanking INTEINS, which are internal fragments of precursor protein...

F-Box Motifs - Protein structural motifs that play a role in protein-protein binding. The motifs are comprised of a...

Fermentation - Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End p...

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer - A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorpt...

Frameshifting, Ribosomal - A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein fro...

GC Rich Sequence - A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of GUANINE and CYTOSINE bases....

Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle - Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like parti...

Genomic Islands - Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ...

Gluconeogenesis - Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; AL...

Glycogenolysis - The release of GLUCOSE from GLYCOGEN by GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (phosphorolysis). The released glucos...

Glycolysis - A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enz...

Glycosylation - The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especial...

G-Quadruplexes - Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a cor...

Halogenation - Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds....

Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs - Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices c...

Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs - The first DNA-binding protein motif to be recognized. Helix-turn-helix motifs were originally identi...

Hemagglutination - The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (H...

Hemagglutination, Viral - Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus....

Heterotrophic Processes - The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts wit...

Histone Code - The specific patterns of POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATION of HISTONES, i.e. histone ACETYLATI...

HIV Enhancer - Cis-acting regulatory sequences in the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) which play a major role in ind...

HIV Long Terminal Repeat - Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome....

HMG-Box Domains - DNA-binding domains present in proteins of the HMG-box superfamily including the archetypal HMGB PRO...

Hydrogenation - Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 2...

Hydrolysis - The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water....

Hydroxylation - Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26...

Immunoglobulin Variable Region - That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, a...

Insulator Elements - Nucleic acid regulatory sequences that limit or oppose the action of ENHANCER ELEMENTS and define th...

Integrons - DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination s...

Inteins - The internal fragments of precursor proteins (INternal proTEINS) that are autocatalytically removed ...

Interspersed Repetitive Sequences - Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active a...

Inverted Repeat Sequences - Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to ...

Ion Channel Gating - The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane ...

Kallikrein-Kinin System - A system of metabolic interactions by products produced in the distal nephron of the KIDNEY. These p...

Kinetics - The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems....

Kringles - Triple-looped protein domains linked by disulfide bonds. These common structural domains, so-named f...

Leucine Zippers - DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coile...

Light Signal Transduction - The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals....

Linear Energy Transfer - Rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. In radiobiology and health physics, ...

Lipid Peroxidation - Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor....

Lipogenesis - De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subseque...

Lipolysis - The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel ...

Lipoylation - Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS....

Locus Control Region - A regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other ...

Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements - Highly repeated sequences, 6K-8K base pairs in length, which contain RNA polymerase II promoters. Th...

MAP Kinase Signaling System - An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase c...

Matrix Attachment Regions - Regions of the CHROMATIN or DNA that bind to the NUCLEAR MATRIX. They are found in INTERGENIC DNA, e...

Mechanotransduction, Cellular - The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both...

Membrane Fluidity - The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholi...

Methylation - Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and re...

Microsatellite Repeats - A variety of simple di- (DINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tri- (TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tetra-, and pentanucle...

Minisatellite Repeats - Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive (5-50 repeats) short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences found disper...

Molecular Conformation - The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule....

Molecular Mimicry - The process in which structural properties of an introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules o...

Molecular Structure - The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the numb...

Nitrogen Fixation - The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to bi...

Nitrosation - Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to fo...

Nuclear Export Signals - Specific amino acid sequences present in the primary amino acid sequence of proteins which mediate t...

Nuclear Localization Signals - Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some protei...

Nucleic Acid Conformation - The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its charact...

Nucleic Acid Denaturation - Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Do...

Nucleic Acid Hybridization - Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs ...

Nucleic Acid Renaturation - The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the mol...

Operator Regions, Genetic - The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the tr...

Osmosis - Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of...

Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into hig...

PDZ Domains - Protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found...

Pentose Phosphate Pathway - An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6...

Peptide Biosynthesis - The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of...

Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent - The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosom...

Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to...

Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes as...

Peptide Chain Termination, Translational - A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the last amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. ...

Peptide Library - A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all po...

Pharmacokinetics - Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug ABSORPTION; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; TISS...

Phosphorylation - The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond betwee...

Photophosphorylation - The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occ...

Photosynthesis - The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon diox...

Phototrophic Processes - Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts wit...

Polyadenylation - The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyade...

Position-Specific Scoring Matrices - Tabular numerical representations of sequence motifs displaying their variability as likelihood valu...

Prenylation - Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS....

Proline-Rich Protein Domains - Protein domains that are enriched in PROLINE. The cyclical nature of proline causes the peptide bond...

Promoter Regions, Genetic - DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymer...

Protein Binding - The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes...

Protein Biosynthesis - The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA ...

Protein Carbonylation - The appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in PROTEINS as the result of s...

Protein Conformation - The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs...

Protein Denaturation - The exposure of protein to chemicals, or heat, which disrupt the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide...

Protein Folding - A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein ...

Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs - Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions ...

Protein Modification, Translational - Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzy...

Protein Multimerization - The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) fro...

Protein Prenylation - A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal c...

Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in t...

Protein Renaturation - The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation....

Protein Sorting Signals - Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the pr...

Protein Splicing - The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with l...

Protein Stability - The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to phy...

Protein Structure, Quaternary - The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more th...

Protein Structure, Secondary - The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretch...

Protein Structure, Tertiary - The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices,...

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship - A quantitative prediction of the biological, ecotoxicological or pharmaceutical activity of a molecu...

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid - Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes....

Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid - Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLA...

Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid - A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence....

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid - Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETIT...

Response Elements - Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription fa...

Retroelements - Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new si...

Reverse Transcription - The biosynthesis of DNA carried out on a template of RNA....

RING Finger Domains - A zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence Cysteine-X2-Cysteine-X(9-39)-Cysteine-X(l-3)-His-X(2-3...

RNA 3' End Processing - The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end...

RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals - Sequences found near the 3' end of MESSENGER RNA that direct the cleavage and addition of multiple A...

RNA 5' Terminal Oligopyrimidine Sequence - A regulatory sequence found in the 5' terminal regions of a variety of RNA species. The sequence sta...

RNA Editing - A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. So...

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their prec...

RNA Splice Sites - Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOME...

RNA Splicing - The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA...

RNA Stability - The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNAS...

S Phase - Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is ...

Second Messenger Systems - Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messen...

Segmental Duplications, Genomic - Low-copy (2-50) repetitive DNA elements that are highly homologous and range in size from 1000 to 40...

Sequence Homology - The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID...

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid - The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyz...

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid - The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nuc...

Serum Response Element - A DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of many growth-related genes. The regulatory tra...

Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements - Highly repeated sequences, 100-300 bases long, which contain RNA polymerase III promoters. The prima...

Signal Transduction - The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathwa...

Silencer Elements, Transcriptional - Nucleic acid sequences that are involved in the negative regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION by chro...

SOS Response (Genetics) - An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a c...

src Homology Domains - Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific...

Structural Homology, Protein - The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AM...

Structure-Activity Relationship - The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological ...

Substrate Cycling - A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously,...

Substrate Specificity - A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme...

Synaptic Transmission - The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In...

Synteny - The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definit...

Tandem Repeat Sequences - Copies of DNA sequences which lie adjacent to each other in the same orientation (direct tandem repe...

TATA Box - A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is ...

Terminal Repeat Sequences - Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For exam...

Terminator Regions, Genetic - DNA sequences recognized as signals to end GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION....

Transcription, Genetic - The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA templa...

Transfer RNA Aminoacylation - The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA....

Trans-Splicing - The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type...

Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion - An increased number of contiguous trinucleotide repeats in the DNA sequence from one generation to t...

Trinucleotide Repeats - Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromoso...

Ubiquitination - The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label prote...

Unfolded Protein Response - A cellular response to environmental insults that cause disruptions in PROTEIN FOLDING and/or accumu...

Up-Regulation - A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic leve...

Vision, Ocular - The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signal...

Vitamin D Response Element - A DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin D regulated genes. Vitamin D receptor...

Water Loss, Insensible - Loss of water by diffusion through the skin and by evaporation from the respiratory tract....

Water-Electrolyte Balance - The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR S...

Zinc Fingers - Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit a...

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Common Chronic Illnesses

Coronary Disease

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
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Hypertension

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Mesothelioma

A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Osteoarthritis

A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.

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